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The Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) was an anti-communist advocacy group founded in 1950. In 1966 it was revealed that the United States Central Intelligence Agency was instrumental in the establishment and funding of the group. At its height, the CCF was active in thirty-five countries.〔Frances Stonor Saunders, ("Modern Art was CIA 'weapon'" ), ''The Independent'', October 22, 1995.〕 Historian Frances Stonor Saunders wrote: "Whether they liked it or not, whether they knew it or not, there were few writers, poets, artists, historians, scientists, or critics in postwar Europe whose names were not in some way linked to this covert enterprise."〔 == Creation == The CCF was founded in West Berlin on 26 June 1950 to find ways to counter the view that liberal democracy was less compatible with culture than communism.〔 It may have been started in response to a March 1949 peace conference at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City at which many prominent U.S. leftists and pacifists urged for peace with Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union. Some of the leading intellectuals attending this conference included Franz Borkenau, Karl Jaspers, John Dewey, Ignazio Silone, James Burnham, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Bertrand Russell, Ernst Reuter, Raymond Aron, Alfred Ayer, Benedetto Croce, Jacques Maritain, Arthur Koestler, James T. Farrell, Richard Löwenthal, Robert Montgomery, Melvin J. Lasky, Tennessee Williams and Sidney Hook. There were conservatives among the participants, but left-wingers were more numerous.〔K. A. Jelenski, (''History And Hope Tradition Ideology And Change In Modern Society'' ), (1962); reprinted 1970, Praeger Press.〕 "Godfather of Neoconservatism" Irving Kristol was also a member of the Congress.〔Saunders, F: ''(The Cultural Cold War )'', The New Press, 1999.〕〔Jacob Heilbrunn, ''They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons,'' Random House LLC, 2009. ISBN 0307472485〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Congress for Cultural Freedom」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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